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The Institute of Low Temperature Science (ILTS) was founded in 1941 as the first research institute affiliated with Hokkaido University to promote interdisciplinary studies on various natural phenomena occurring in the cryosphere. The ILTS owes its establishment to the achievements of Professor Ukichiro Nakaya, the first person in the world to create artificial snow crystals. In 1995, the ILTS was reorganized as a nationwide joint-use institute to promote the fundamentals and applications of various natural phenomena occurring in the cryosphere. The ILTS was reorganized again in 2008 and is now composed of three research divisions (Water and Material Cycles Division, Frontier Ice and Snow Science Division and Environmental Biology Division), Joint Research Division and Pan-Okhotsk Research Center. In 2010, the ILTS was approved as a nationwide joint-use institute and a networking hub of academic exchanges with various research communities.